Introduction: Decrease of physical activity, is one of the most important problems in modern societies. Different factors are related to physical activity which attitude is of high importance. The aim of this study was to determine correlation between attitude, Subjective - norm, self-efficacy, intention to physical activity in female students Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-correlation study a total of 444 female students were selected by stratified sampling method at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. A "Physical Activity of Female Students Scale" was used for data collection including demographic variables, attitude, Subjective norms, self-efficacy and intention towards regular physical activity. Content and face validity were confirmed and the reliability of the instrument was determined by internal consistency and test-retest methods.Cronbach's alpha for each item was determined as follows: Attitude (a=0.92), Subjective norms (a=0.85) and Control of Perceived Behavior (a=0.92). The completed questionnaire were analysis by SPSS/15.Findings: The majority of students had positive attitude towards physical activity. Also attitude was found correlated directly and significantly with Subjective norm (r=0.209, p=0.001) self-efficacy (r=0.097, P=0.042) and intention to physical activity (r=0.155, p=0.001).However, BMI and economic status were not correlated to attitude towards physical activity.Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that perception of Subjective norm, self-efficacy and intention can help to motivate students to do physical activities. Therefore, it is recommended to provide educational programs for the students in order to improve regular physical activities.

Background and Objectives: A major health problem in young women is eating disorders that have detrimental nutritional and psychological effects. This study determined the prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes and correlated them with Subjective norms for fitness among female college students.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 231 female college students at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; subjects were randomly selected in proportion to size for participation in this study by the faculty of the university. A self-reporting questionnaire comprising sections on demographics, eating attitudes and Subjective fitness norms was used to collect data, which was analyzed using SPSS-21.Results: It was found that about 21.6% of participants showed abnormal eating attitudes. These attitudes had significant relationships with the use of laxatives, weight loss dieting, diet pills, and weight (p<0.05).Eating attitudes also showed a significant relationship with Subjective fitness norms (p<0.05).Conclusion: The prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes is high. It is necessary to educate young women about the negative effects of eating disorders on overall health and fitness using appropriate channels of communication.

Background: Road accident statistics has been seen increasing over the years despite numerous efforts made by the authorities. Human factors have contributed 90% of accident occurrence with risky driving behavior being one of the significant human factors that can be further explained through norms. This review paper aimed to investigate the relationship between norms and drivers’ risky driving behavior. Methods: A systematic review process was conducted through four academic databases namely Scopus, Wiley Online Library, Emerald and Web of Science of no limitation for date. Overall, 3443 titles were identified and after several screening and reviewing processes, only 27 studies were included. Results: The results of the review demonstrated mixed findings between Subjective norm and risky driving behavior, whereas the relationship between group norm, moral norm, injunctive norm, descriptive norm and risky driving behavior were observed significant. Conclusion: Appropriate educational awareness is required to educate the society in practicing good norms for mutual benefit of the society. Parents also need to set a good example for their children by abiding the traffic rules and regulation.

2Background and Objectives: parental support is an important predictor of adolescents' participation and levels of leisure-time physical activity. This study aimed to investigate the structural relationships between parental support, restructuring ability, Subjective norm and leisure time physical activity. Materials and Methods: During a descriptive research of the correlation type, data were collected using questionnaires of leisure physical activity (Godin, 2011), Subjective norm (Kim et al., 2019), restructuring ability (Xie et al., 2018a) and perceived parental support (Xie et al., 2021),641 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age, boys and girls, who had a history of physical activity in their leisure time, were collected from May to June 2022 by purposive sampling and analyzed with SPSS 25 and SmartPLS 3 software. Results: Path analysis shows that all the hypotheses were statistically significant at the P<0.05 level. specifically, the Subjective norm had a positive effect on the restructuring ability and the of leisure physical activity adolescents (P<0.05). In addition, the restructuring ability had a positive effect on the Subjective norm and leisure physical activity adolescents (P<0.05). Finally, parental support had a positive effect on adolescent's restructuring ability, Subjective norm and leisure time physical activity (P<0.05). The coefficient of determination for leisure time physical activity was equal to 27.8% and it shows the concept that the variables of parental support, Subjective norm and the restructuring ability to rebuild together have predicted 27.8% of leisure time physical activity. but both variables of parental support and leisure time physical activity predict a total of 52.6% of adolescents' leisure time physical activity, the share of leisure time physical activity was higher than parental support. Conclusion: The results emphasize the importance of parental support for adolescents' leisure time physical activity and helping adolescents to develop the restructuring ability and Subjective norm as a way to promote leisure time physical activity among adolescents. As a result, such parental support, especially for adolescent boys and girls with poor health status and high body mass index, increases the leisure time physical activity of adolescents and improves their overall health.

The term norm inflation appears to be a generalization, towards all sources of law, of legislative inflation, defined as a disproportionate increase in the volume and length of legislation. As with monetary inflation, the overabundance of sings risk causing their devaluation (Carbonnier). Is this a benign illness or the symptom of systemic pathology of the legal system? Is it specific to our time or has it been known before? Are the effects visible throughout the law or confined to particular areas of it? If norm inflation produces undesirable effects that deserve our attention, we should look at this scope, now and in the past, its foreseeable effects, its possible causes and remedies that might counter it. This article looks at the phenomenon of norm inflation, with reference mostly to Canada, France, the UK and the USA, and with a glance at the Iranian situation. The article demonstrates how economic analysis can be used to broach the matter.

The purpose of this study was to present a causal model of acceptance and utilization in the usage of virtual learning among oil industrial staffs. It has been tried to investigate the factors such as Subjective norm, computer self- efficacy, task technology fit and their relations to variables associated with the technology acceptance model, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and intention to use of virtual learning among staffs. In terms of objectives, this study was an applied research and in terms of the method of collecting and analyzing data, it was a descriptive and correlational research. The populations of this study were Oil Company employees who are familiar with virtual learning (330) included. The sample were 172(based on Morgan table), who, were selected through the simplerandom sampling methods and Several questionnaires were completed by the participants, such as Subjective norm Ajjan & Hartshorn (2008), task-technology fit Vatanasak dakul & et al (2010), perceived ease of use Moon & kim (2001), perceived usefulness Kim & et al (2007), and intention to use Samiento (2009) and computer self-efficacy Wolters & Daugherty (2007.To examine the research hypotheses, the path analysis was used. Findings indicated that computer self- efficacy, tasktechnology fit and Subjective norm have a significant effect on intention to use of virtual learning directly or indirectly, through the intermediate role of the variables perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. The greatest total effect on intention to use of virtual learning were related to the Task-technology fit and perceived ease of use and the least total effect was related to the Subjective norm.